Author Archives: admin

The (Lack Of) Genetics of Rape

There has been a flurrylet of blog posts recently to do with, in various forms, genetic determinism and adaptationism; two ideas that together form a general philosophy that the traits that make up human biology are largely determined by human genetics, and that these traits (and the genes that underlie them) have come about as the direct result of natural selection. In particular, people have been talking about evolutionary psychology, which involves explaining human behaviour in terms of adaptations. I felt like commenting, which I guess you have already infered by the existence of this post.

Jerry Coyne pointed out two articles in the popular press about genetic determinism, the first by the journalist David Brooks, and the second by the journalist Sharon Begley. Jerry Coyne himself wrote a detailed takedown of evolutionary psychology as early as 2000. There is a lot to say about Sharon Begley’s piece in particular.
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Thinking about Memory

There has been a lively discussion on the Sanger’s internal e-mail list, inspired by this extract from Free: The Future of a Radical Price by Chris Anderson, editor in chief of Wired. The take-home message of the extract is that companies and institutions are stuck in a 20th Century way of thinking about computing resources: we plan for scarcity, assume that memory or CPU time are limited, and get people to keep to strict rules to keep usage down. But these days, computing is cheep; what is scarce is human time, ingenuity, and exploration, and heavily restricting computing use wastes and stifles these things.

This specific issue raised is that the Sanger’s computing maintainers often e-mail us to tell us that our shared hard drives are getting full, and we each need to clear out a few gigs. Someone pointed out that it takes a good half an hour to cut back space, translating to a few dozen person hours across the Institute, and the end result, a few hundred gigs of space, could be purchased from amazon for 50 quid or less. This, the argument goes, gets the cost-benefit analyses the wrong way around; 20 person hours is worth so much more than 200Gb of disk space.

The reply, and resulting discussion, hammered out something that I could call a consensus ensemble of computing resource philosophies, if I wasn’t worried about alienating everyone I’ve ever loved.
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The Genome Campus is a Mac?

Catching up on my RSS feeds, I came across a post at PolITiGenomics, about the European Bioinformatics Institute’s Paul Flicek taking part in one of those ‘I am a person of significance, I use a Mac’ videos:

First the most important bits. At 0:06, THAT’S MY COLLEGE! And at 0:25, THAT’S THE BUILDING I WORK IN! And at 2:24, I EAT THERE! How exciting.
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On My Mind

Hello there reader. I thought I would share an interesting experience, of the Being Starved And Then Put In A Tube And Shown Random Pictures While A Machine Makes Odd Noises And Watches Your Brain variety, with you.

I am a member of the always-wonderful Cambridge BioResource, an NHS/Cambridge University/MRC pool of a few thousand volunteers who have signed up to be used in genetics research. We have all been genotyped (I don’t know how deeply, I’d guess at about 500,000 sites or so), and we can be called upon to take part in particular studies based on our particular genetic information. From the perspective of the researcher, you contact the BioResource and tell them what genetic variants you are looking for (and for what gender and age as well, if you so desire), and the BioResource sends out letters to everyone who fits the bill, asking if they will take part in the trial.

I have been called up twice; the first was part of a Type I Diabetes study - as I gather, I have gene variant that is associated with T1D (early onset diabetes), but never got it, and don’t have a family history of it, and that sort of thing can be useful to track down exactly how genetics is influencing disease.

ANYWAY (and this is going somewhere relatively exciting), the second study, which I took part in yesterday, was a functional MRI (fMRI) study; in such studies, volunteers perform tasks, and the MRI scanner measures blood flow throughout the brain, to try and match brain activity to behaviour. Now I probably shouldn’t say exactly what this particular study involved, since there is a slim possibility that you too will be in the Tube, but the general process involved being put in this Big Metal Tube, with a massive electromagnet, and being shown images and told to make simple dichotic choices.

So far so interesting. The study was a bit dull, since it involved sitting in the tube for many hours, but was also sort of relaxing, and when I came out I felt like I’d just woken up. I imagine it was a bit like being in the womb. BUT, the exciting thing, is that when I left, they gave me a picture of my brain. A PICTURE OF MY BRAIN:
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On the UK’s DNA Database, Part 2

This is the second part of a double post in the UK National DNA Database.

In the first part of this double post I talked about what information the DNA database holds, and who it holds it on. In this second part, I will discuss what this information is used for, what it could be used for in the wrong hands, and how bad this could be.
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On the UK’s DNA Database, Part 1

This is the first part of a double post in the UK National DNA Database.

The newspapers have been flaring up over the issue of the National DNA Database (NDNAD) over the last week. The NDNAD, which is the largest such database in the world, was denounced by the European Court of Human Rights as unjustified, as it holds information on innocent people, and routinely uses them to investigate crimes. The govournment proposed certain changes, the most reported of which is the decision to only hold innocent people’s DNA for 6-12 years. Liberty’s Shami Chakrabarti denounced the policy, saying “wholly innocent people – including ­children – will have their most intimate details stockpiled for years”.

The blogosphere has also been making interesting noises about this: Iain Brassington at the BMJ’s Journal of Medical Ethics blog posts about the ethical problems with the database, and over at Liberal Conspiracy Denny de la Haye talks about how the government’s proposed policy changes fail to address the issues raised by the Court of Human Rights.

I thought it might be worth researching exactly what information is held on the NDNAD, and what this information could be used for. This post turned out to be pretty long, so I’ve split it up into two posts: this first one asks exactly what the genetic profiling involves, and what information is recorded. The second post, which I will put up on Friday, asks how the information is used currently, and what it could potentially be used for in the wrong hands.
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Bio-Rad’s PCR Songs

On the subject of the PCR Reaction: PCR is extremely widely used, and is a highly variable technique. There are dozens of different slight variations on the DNA polymerase, lots of ways of designing primers to get them to stick just right, dozens of different machines (called thermal cyclers) that heat and cool the DNA to keep the enzyme, DNA strands and primers happy (and everyone has their own settings for the machines). Entire cultures build up around the PCR reaction. Someone I work with told me a story about their previous lab having a little statue to a PCR God, to bless the thermal cycling machines.

Anyway, as a result the image that a PCR company projects is pretty damn important for tapping into these cultural norms (polymerases are described as High Fidelity or Lightening Fast, and have names like UltraFusion and Pfx Platinum). The master of this game is the lab technology company Bio-Rad. They sponsor the Nature Podcast, and their adverts always seem to stick in my head with worrying efficiency (from memory: ‘The Nature Podcast is brought to you by Bio-Rad’s 1000-series thermal cycling platform: when you rethink PCR, you think about how easy it can be’).

However, the most, er, interesting viral advertising they attempted came about last year. They produced a song, with a music video, with scientists singing the praises of PCR. I kid you not…
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On Becoming The Man You Want To Be

In my strictly rationed free time, I liked to visit Natural History Museums, and it being Darwin Year and all, I have in the last month or so visited two Darwin-themed exhibits. [I do realise that the preceding statement may be one of the least surprising revelations that has ever been divulged in the long history of this blog.] I feel that I am starting to get a general feeling for the man, and what drove him. One thing that I find interesting is how he never intended to revolutionize biology, and paradoxically why that made him the perfect man to do so.
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On Worm Music

A bit of advice, reader: it is worth getting up early every now and again. Yesterday, some arcane alignment of celestial spheres was achieved, and I found myself awake and dressed at an oddly early hour, with swathes of time before I needed to catch the bus. So, I decided to read up on the News and Features Feed of my academic bankroller, to pass the time and to enrich my connection to the world of Biomedical Somethings. The WTNF often has strange and wonderful information on some of the more left-field things they fund, and I can highly recommend browsing it yourself sometime (perhaps youll learn about a live-action film on sperm, or textiles inspired by mutilation).

One thing of interest that I learned was that a composer named Keith Johnson has just finished a 6-month stint as the resident artist (funded by the Wellcome Trust) in the Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biologyat University College London. Keith had composed various musics inspired by Stephen Nurrish’s work on the effect of serotonin on the brain of nematode worms, and they (the music, not the worms, though they got a look in too) were to be performed yesterday night at the Dana Centre in London. The event was called ‘Music from the Worm Farm’, and promised piano and ensemble music, and talks on composing the music and the science that it was inspired by. I was there faster than you can say ‘Worm Music!’.
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On Coffee Art

Hello there. I am afraid everything is Hotting Up ’round about now, so I won’t be able to post anything substantial here for a short while. However, I am going to the Darwin exhibition at the Natural History Museum in London this weekend, so I may have something interesting to say about that (other than just going all misty-eyed, sighing a deep sigh, and softly intoning “Darwin…”).

As a bit of filler, as the webcomicists say, I think I’ll show you something cool, but largely unrelated to the general subject matter of this blog.

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